RECOGNITION

Tobar - Wilson Doctrine

* A doctrine that precludes recognition of any government established by revolution, civil war, coup d’ etat or other forms of internal violence until the freely elected representatives of the people have organized a constitutional government.

* First expressed in the 1907 Central American Republics at the suggestion of Foreign Minister Tobar of Ecuador and reiterated by President Woodrow Wilson of the US in a public statement made in 1913.

Example : The Revolution in Nicaragua in which through the moral mandate of US, communicated to rebels in order to foster a true consititutional government and free elections aimed for the preservation of general welfare of Central America.

Stimson Doctrine

* Precludes the recognition of any government established as a result of external aggression.

* Formulated by US Secretary of State Stimson in 1932.

* Adopted by the League of Nations through a resolution stating that: “It is incumbent upon the members of the League of Nations not to recognize any situation, treaty or agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the Covenant of the League of Nations or to the Pact of Paris”

Example : The United States did not recognize the Japanese-supported government in Manchukuo (1932) or the Italian government in Ethiopia (1936).

Estrada Doctrine

* The diplomatic representatives in a country where a political upheaval has taken place will deal or will not deal with whatever government is in control at the time and either action shall not be taken as a judgment on the legitimacy of the said government.

* Attributed to Foreign Minister Genaro Estrada of Mexico.

* Example: Recognition of PROC based on the ‘one china policy’

Example : Many Latin Americans condemn the idea of the US unilaterally "certifying" nations as fighting against the drug trade